Our Tools of the Trade series examines iconic objects of the education world.
The 24 juniors and seniors in the astronomy class at Thomas Jefferson High School in Alexandria, Va., sink into plush red theater seats. They're in a big half-circle around what looks like a giant telescope with a globe on the end. Their teacher, Lee Ann Hennig, stands at a wooden control panel which, appropriately, has enough buttons and dials to launch a rocket.
Above this whole room is a large white dome. It's lit up right now — like daytime — but with the turn of a dial, Hennig makes the sun set. As the light fades, stars appear. Just a few at first, and then all of a sudden it's like a night sky, way out in the country.
Each little star — thousands of them — shining through a pinhole plotted carefully on that globe in the center of the room.
"It's like the sky meeting a movie theatre," says 17-year-old Sahaj Sharda, a senior in Hennig's advanced astronomy class. "When you first sit down and the lights turn off and you just look up, it seems so realistic."
To explain how Hennig's high school, and hundreds like it around the country, got a planetarium in the first place, you have to look not into outer space, but back through time.
Sputnik
On October 4, 1957, the faint beepings of a small metal sphere marked the launch by the Soviet Union of the first man-made satellite into Earth's orbit. It freaked a lot of Americans out. And Congress, too.
The United States, it seemed, was dangerously behind in science and astronomy. The Space Race was on.
One man in particular saw in Sputnik an opportunity. Stewart McClure was the chief clerk on the Senate's education committee. In his efforts to win more money for schools, he'd seen several finance bills die. Now he had a powerful new angle: Link education to national defense.
In 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Defense Education Act, which provided the states with over $1 billion in federal money to boost education in science, math and foreign languages. One of the options was to build a planetarium.
"It was the first real shot in the arm here for the Space Race growth of planetariums in the coming decade," says Jordan D. Marché II, an astronomy lecturer who has taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
There were other planetaria (yes, that's the plural) before Sputnik. Chicago's Adler Planetarium was the first in the U.S. when it opened in 1930. And there were a few after that, but the projectors were too expensive to see widespread use. Until Sputnik.
By 1970, the U.S. had 729 planetaria. Over half were in public K-12 schools, the majority constructed with NDEA funds, including the one here at Thomas Jefferson High School. It's been running nonstop since 1967, and Hennig has been its operator since 1988. She started teaching in school planetariums in 1969.
An Immersive Education
Outside, in the real sky, Hennig had assigned her students the night before to observe a rare lunar eclipse. Instead, they were treated to a disappointing wall of gray clouds.
But inside, she's got the night sky at her fingertips. Hennig's students will see the eclipse on the dome — better late than never.
"In the planetarium," she says, "it's never cloudy."
After the eclipse, she turns to a lesson on the stars, her crescent-moon earrings swinging as she works the controls. She uses a laser pointer to circle the brightest ones.
Students are whispering. That's to be expected in a room full of teenagers in the dark. But when you lean in, you hear Greek: Polaris. Delphinus. Cassiopeia. They're searching for stars.
She hands her pointer to a particularly eager student, 16-year-old Jasper Barnett, and asks him to take the class on a tour of the constellations.
"Pegasus is right there," he says, "The great square in the sky. And you've got Andromeda over there."
He loves this stuff.
"I had basketballs at my house, but I didn't use them to play basketball with," he says. "I used them to make models of the solar system on the floor in the basement."
A Struggling Legacy
The 1960s projector has its limits, so in a few months, Hennig's planetarium is going digital — and the school will be able to do a lot more than astronomy. With digital projectors, you can explore not only the very large, but also the very small: from galaxies to plant cells.
Not every school can afford that. Many of the planetaria built in the 1960s are still around, but they're getting old. And so schools have a choice: Keep investing in outdated equipment, or shut down.
Back in 2005, when Rob Webb was hired as a physics teacher at Pequea Valley High School in Lancaster, Pa., the school wasn't using its planetarium. He brought that one back to life, but says the domes just aren't valued anymore.
"The thing is, they're not cheap," Webb says. And with the all the academic pressures on schools, he adds, teachers are focused on "making sure that we're passing the tests and fulfilling our requirements and not spending a whole boatload of money."
And he worries that, without planetariums, too few students will reach for the stars.
"You never know who's going to go into that planetarium," he says. "My job is to inspire the next crew of scientists."
Elissa Nadworny reported this story for radio and Meg Anderson reported for the web.
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