Pennsylvania environmental regulators have the legal authority and constitutional duty to place limits on greenhouse gas emissions, according to a petition filed Tuesday by dozens of groups including environmental organizations, legal scholars, religious groups, local governments, and citizens.
Led by the Philadelphia-based Clean Air Council, 61 petitioners are calling on state regulators to establish an economy-wide cap-and-trade program in Pennsylvania, using California’s system as a model.
Among states, Pennsylvania is the third biggest emitter of carbon. The petition sets in motion a legal process that entails a response from the state.
Clean Air Council executive director Joe Minott pointed to two recent climate change reports—one from the United Nations in October and another from the U.S. government, released last week, outlining the dramatic changes already occurring and risks of failing to sharply reduce emissions.
“The time has come for us to take the threat of climate change seriously and to move forward,” he said. “That is exactly what this proposed regulation does.”
Cap-and-trade is a market-based system that sets a firm, overall limit on emissions. Companies are then allowed to buy and sell allowances to pollute certain amounts. California’s program applies to greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector, as well as to other major air pollution sources, the import of electricity, and the sale of natural gas, heating oil, and gasoline.
In what’s called a petition for rulemaking to the state’s Environmental Quality Board, the groups argue the Department of Environmental Protection already has the authority set up such a system under Pennsylvania’s Air Pollution Control Act and Article 1 Section 27 of the state constitution—known as the Environmental Rights Amendment.
The amendment was added in 1971 and guarantees citizens the right to clean air and pure water. It also requires the state to act as a trustee of the public natural resources for all the people, including “generations yet to come.” After being largely ignored for decades, the amendment has seen a resurgence following two recent state Supreme Court decisions.
Robert McKinstry, a retired attorney working pro bono on the petition, co-authored a recent paper for The Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law with Widener University Professor John Dernbach. They argue the Environmental Rights Amendment creates a constitutional duty for Pennsylvania to act on climate change.
Although a similar—ultimately unsuccessful— climate petition was filed several years ago, McKinstry said this effort is strengthened by the state Supreme Court’s landmark 2017 decision in Pennsylvania Environmental Defense Foundation v. Commonwealth, which upheld a broad interpretation of the amendment.
“The PEDF decision gave more teeth to the environmental rights amendment,” he said. “The regulatory structure we’re employing is based on an existing regulation elsewhere, and it’s more carefully tuned to the exact authorization in the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act.”
McKinstry said the emissions cap would start with a budget, assuming a three percent reduction from 2016. The cap would be reduced by three percent a year, from the 2016 baseline.
“It will go to zero by 2052,” he said. “And that will achieve the reductions that the most recent [United Nations] report indicates are necessary to avoid the worst effects of climate change.”
The report urges the world’s governments try to keep the warming below 1.5 Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. Scientists say the world faces myriad crises as early as 2040—including food shortages, extreme weather, wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs—unless greenhouse gas emissions are sharply cut. An analysis by the UN published Tuesday shows countries are falling far short of the emissions reductions pledges they made in Paris three years ago.
Minott believes the law is on the petitioners’ side, but he acknowledged the politics are more complicated.
“Pennsylvania is a fossil fuel state,” he said.
Governor Tom Wolf, a Democrat, was recently re-elected. He has acknowledged the threat of climate change but did not make addressing it a top priority during his first term. If the petition were embraced by his administration, it could allow them implement significant climate regulation through the executive branch.
In an email, Wolf spokesman J.J. Abbott said the governor believes climate change is real.
“We need to continue to take steps to address this issue, while at the same time preserving and creating good paying jobs in the energy sector and growing our economy,” Abbott wrote. “The process for evaluating rulemaking petitions is established by state law. Pursuant to those requirements, the Department of Environmental Protection will review the petition once it is received and make a recommendation to the Environmental Quality Board regarding whether to accept the petition.”
This story was published in partnership with StateImpact Pennsylvania, a collaboration between WESA, Allegheny Front, WITF and WHYY, to cover the commonwealth’s energy economy. Read more stories at StateImpact Pennsylvania's website.
